1. Psychometrics and the Importance of Psychological Measurement Observable Behavior and Unobservable Attributes Psychological Tests: Definition and Types Psychometrics Challenges to Measurement in Psychology Theme: The Importance of Individual Differences -- 2. Scaling -- Fundamental Issues and Numbers -- Units of Measurement -- Additivity and Counting -- Four Scales of Measurement -- 3. Individual Differences and Correlations -- The Nature of Variability -- Importance of Individual Differences -- Variability and Distribution of Scores -- Distribution Shapes and Normal Distributions -- Quantifying the Association Between Distributions -- Variance of "Composite Scores" -- Interpreting Test Scores -- Test Norms -- 4. Test Dimensionality and Factor Analysis -- Test Dimensionality Factor Analysis: Examining the Dimensionality of a Test -- 5. Reliability: Conceptual Basis Overview of Reliability and Classical Test Theory -- Observed Scores, True Scores and Measurement Error -- Variances in Observed Scores, True Scores and Error Scores -- Four Ways to Think of Reliability -- Reliability and the Standard Error of Measurement -- Parallel Tests -- 6. Empirical Estimates of Reliability -- Alternate Forms Reliability -- Test-Retest Reliability -- Internal Consistency Reliability -- Factors Affecting the Reliability of Test Scores -- Sample Homogeneity and Reliability Generalization -- Reliability of Difference Scores -- 7. Importance of Reliability -- Behavioral Research -- Applied Behavioral Practice: Evaluation of an Individual's Test Score -- Test Construction and Refinement -- 8. Validity: The Conceptual Basis -- What is Validity? -- Validity Evidence: Test Content -- Validity Evidence: Internal Structure of the Test -- Validity Evidence: Response Processes -- Validity Evidence: Associations with Other Variables -- Validity Evidence: Consequences of Testing -- Other Perspectives on Validity -- Contrasting Reliability and Validity -- The Importance of Validity. 9. Validity: Estimating and Evaluating Convergent and Discriminant Validity -- Methods for Evaluating Convergent and Discriminant Validity -- Factors Affecting a Validity Coefficient -- Interpreting a Validity Coefficient -- 10. Response Biases -- Types of Response Biases -- Methods for Coping with Response Biases -- Response Biases, Response Sets, and Response Styles -- 11. Test Bias -- Why Worry about Test Score Bias -- Detecting Construct Bias: Internal Evaluation of a Test -- Detecting Predictive Bias: External Evaluation of a Test -- 12. Generalizability Theory -- Multiple Facets of Measurement -- Generalizability and Variance Components -- G Studies and D Studies -- Conducting and Interpreting Generalizability Theory Analysis: A One-facet Design -- Conducting and Interpreting Generalizability Theory Analysis: A Two-facet Design -- Other Measurement Designs -- 13. Item Response Theory and Rasch Models -- Basics of IRT -- IRT Measurement Models -- An Example of IRT: A Rasch Model -- Item and Test Information --

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